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| 1406 |
| | | Pisa is captured by Florence, to be followed a few years later by the purchase of the seaport of Livorno | |
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| 1410 |
| | | The Poles defeat the Teutonic knights between Tannenberg and Grunwald, bringing the coastal strip around Gdansk into the Polish kingdom | |
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| 1410 |
| | | The Viking settlement in Greenland ends, after 400 years, when the last ship leaves the colony and sails for Norway | |
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| c. 1420 |
| | | The Portuguese, discovering the lush and uninhabited island of Madeira, send colonists to settle it | |
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| 1443 |
| | | Skanderbeg, Albania's national hero, begins his long campaign of successes against the Turks | |
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| 1443 |
| | | The Hungarian general Janos Hunyadi takes Sofia from the Turks and in the next few months liberates most of Bulgaria, Serbia and Albania | |
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| 1444 |
| | | A Turkish army routs the Hungarians at Varna on the Black Sea, beginning a process which brings the Turks to the gates of Belgrade by 1456 | |
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| 1445 |
| | | A Muslim ruler is established in Malacca, forming the first of many Muslim dynasties in the Malay archipelago | |
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| 1446 |
| | | Portugal claims ownership of the region of Guinea, subsequently the centre of their slave trade on the west African coast | |
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| 1456 |
| | | The Turks, besieging Belgrade, are dispersed by a peasant army inspired by the preaching of a Franciscan friar, St John of Capistrano | |
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